Thyroid eye disease, also known as Graves’ ophthalmopathy or Graves’ orbitopathy, is an autoimmune disorder where the muscles and fatty tissues behind the eyes become inflamed as a result of an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland.
Causes of Thyroid Eye Disease
Thyroid eye disease is caused by an autoimmune process where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the eye muscles and surrounding fatty tissues. This condition is commonly associated with Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland where the gland becomes overactive and produces excess thyroid hormones. Though the exact cause is unknown, genetics and environmental triggers are believed to play a role in development of the autoimmune response.
Symptoms of Thyroid Eye Disease
Common symptoms of Thyroid Eye Disease Treatment include swelling or bulging of the eyes, dryness and itchiness, double vision, redness of the eyes, sensitivity to light and blurring of vision. In severe cases, the eyes may appear to be stuck in one position and prevent from moving properly. Vision loss is rare but can occur in advanced stage of the disease.
Diagnosis of Thyroid Eye Disease
A complete eye examination by an ophthalmologist along with tests like CT scan or MRI of the orbits may help identify symptoms and extent of swelling behind the eyes. Blood tests to check thyroid function can confirm if the patient has Graves’ disease or other thyroid disorders associated with thyroid eye disease.
Treatment Options for Thyroid Eye Disease
Mild cases are typically managed with artificial tears to relieve dryness and corticosteroids in the form of eye drops or pills to reduce inflammation. Severe inflammation may require stronger medications like immunosuppressive drugs. In cases with severe proptosis or dysthyroid optic neuropathy, orbital decompression surgery may be performed to remove fatty tissues and relieve pressure behind the eyes. Radiation therapy may also provide benefits in reducing inflammation and swelling in some patients.